When it comes to setting the optimizer_mode parameter you often hear people say that first_rows_N (for one of the legal values of N) should be used for OLTP systems and all_rows should be used for decision support and data warehouse systems.
There is an element of truth in the statement – but it’s really a hangover from the early days of CBO, and remembrance of the old first_rows optimizer mode (** See footnote).
[Back to Manual Optimisation part 2]
This little series started from a note I wrote about manual optimisation where I took advantage of a sort operation in a non-mergeable view to produce sorted data from a final nested loop join without including an “order by” that would have produced a large sort operation.
In fact, as I showed in a follow-up post, this was taking a convenient pagination mechanism to an extreme – and you might decide (with good reason, as Tom Kyte did) that it was an extreme that should not be used.
I’ve written a number of notes about hinting in fact, by using at the “Select Category” list to the right, I see that I have (so far) tagged 26 different articles (and this will be the 27th) with the hints tag. So I’ve decided it was time that I made clear my basic guidelines on safe hinting, as follows:
You will appreciate from these guidelines that I don’t really approve of using hints. The only reason that I leave them in place on a production system is when I’m sure that there is no alternative safe mechanism for making the optimizer do what I want. (And that does mean that I will use hints sometimes on a production system.)
What I use them for on test systems is to check whether a particular execution plan is actually possible, and to track down bugs in the optimizer.
Finally, for the purposes of education, I use them to demonstrate execution plans without first having to craft data sets and set database parameters to make a plan appear ‘spontaneously’.
Always be cautious about adding hints to production systems.
From time to time I’ve commented on the fact that setting cursor_sharing to force or similar may be a temporary workaround to bad coding practises, but that it can introduce problems, has a few associated bugs, and shouldn’t be viewed as a guaranteed, or long-term, solution.
Some time ago I wrote a note (on my website) about the push_pred() and no_push_pred() hints. I’ve recently discovered a bug in the 9.2 optimizer that means you may find that Oracle will not use “join predicate pushdown (JPPD)” when it is obviously a good idea.
This note discusses a sequence of execution plans, taken from a system running 9.2.0.8, to demonstrate the point.
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I’ve written about subquery factoring a few times in the past and commented on the use of the /*+ materialize */ hint. Recently I had time to think about what it would take for the Cost Based Optimizer to decide to materialize a subquery without hinting.
I doubt if I have a complete answer yet, and I sometimes wonder if the optimizer code for handling subquery factoring is not yet complete, but my observations are as follows.
The following question appeared on the Oracle Forums recently:
The use of functions – a function with other selects (eg. calculate availability of a part) – is slowing down our system when we do a select over our product file.
Is there some kind of rule when functions should be used or when we should try to create a more complex – combined – SQL that does not use the function.
Can functions be used in the where clause without loosing a lot of speed?
It’s a really good question, because it prompts such a lot of ideas that need to be tied together, so I thought I’d jot down a few thoughts.
When Oracle tries to optimize a complex SQL statement one of the first steps it takes is to transform it into something simpler. The ideal target (from the optimizer’s perspective) is to eliminate any subqueries and in-line views so that your SQL statement ends up as a list of tables in a single from clause. Every in-line view and subquery is a separate query block, and the optimizer really wants to turn the whole thing into a single query block. Unfortunately this isn’t always possible, and sometimes it isn’t even a good idea - which is why 10g introduced ‘cost base query transformation’.
How well do you know your hints? When you see this one /*+ parallel(t1 4) */ what, exactly, does it mean ? The answer may not be what you think – and if you don’t know exactly what a hint means, how can you make it “work properly” ?
Another little warning for those about to upgrade from 9i to 10g. Some hints will change their behaviour. Consider the following SQL.
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A few days ago, I recorded a Web presentation at Oracle’s offices in Reading. The topic I chose was the one that I ‘ve just repeated at the Hotsos 2007 event: dissecting one query to see how much you can learn about how the optimizer works, and how you have to think when dealing with a difficult problem in SQL.
The entire presentation – one hour long, audio synchronised with slide-show as a Macromedia Breeze presentation – can be heard at this rather long URL
The generic structure of the query used in the presentation was the one I first introduced in the blog item about Join Orders.
Here’s a whimsical, but very telling, example of Oracle “ignoring” hints.
I have the following query, which includes a hint to use a specific index when visiting a certain table. It’s the primary key index, so has no issues relating to null values making the hint invalid – yet Oracle does not use this index. Has it ignored the hint ?
Following yesterday’s note on SQL Profiles, someone asked how I detect that an opt_estimate hint had been used – with specific reference to the “index_scan” option. The reason for this particular choice is that other opt_estimate hints have a highly visible impact in the 10053 trace files, but this one doesn’t.
When the Tuning Advisor suggests that you accept a SQL Profile, what is it offering you. If you want to find out, the following SQL seems to be the appropriate query to run before you accept the profile:
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Here’s a little puzzle about execution plans. How many (significantly) different strategies are there for the following SQL – and how many of them will the Cost Based Optimizer be unable to find without being explicitly hinted ?
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